Lecture 1: Introduction

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• Cyber security definition
• Digital asset protection
• Current threat landscape
• Career opportunities

Lecture 2: CIA Triad

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• Confidentiality principles
• Integrity mechanisms
• Availability requirements
• Practical applications

Lecture 3: Terminology

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• Key security terms
• Adversary classification
• Attack vectors
• Risk management

📋 Policy Hierarchy

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1. Organizational Policy

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• High-level strategic direction
• Board and executive approved
• Broad scope and principles
• Rarely changes

2. Functional Policies

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• Specific security areas
• Department level implementation
• Detailed requirements
• Regular updates

3. Technical Standards

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• Implementation specifications
• Technology-focused
• Measurable criteria
• Frequent revisions

🏗️ Policy Development Process

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Phase 1: Planning

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• Identify business requirements
• Assess current state
• Define scope and objectives
• Assemble development team

Phase 2: Development

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• Research best practices
• Draft policy content
• Review with stakeholders
• Incorporate feedback

Phase 3: Implementation

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• Approve through governance
• Communicate to organization
• Train affected personnel
• Monitor compliance

🔐 Core Security Policies

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Information Security Policy

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• Data classification standards
• Access control requirements
• Incident response procedures
• Employee responsibilities

Acceptable Use Policy

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• Authorized system usage
• Prohibited activities
• Personal device guidelines
• Internet and email usage

Access Control Policy

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• User provisioning process
• Role-based permissions
• Regular access reviews
• Termination procedures

📱 Technology-Specific Policies

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Mobile Device Policy

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• BYOD requirements
• Device encryption standards
• App installation restrictions
• Remote wipe capabilities

Cloud Security Policy

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• Approved cloud services
• Data residency requirements
• Shared responsibility model
• Vendor assessment process

Network Security Policy

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• Firewall configurations
• Wireless network standards
• VPN usage requirements
• Network monitoring protocols

🎯 Enforcement Mechanisms

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Technical Controls

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• Automated policy enforcement
• System configurations
• Access restrictions
• Monitoring and alerting

Administrative Controls

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• Training and awareness
• Regular audits
• Performance reviews
• Disciplinary procedures

Physical Controls

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• Facility access restrictions
• Equipment protection
• Environmental controls
• Visitor management

📊 Compliance Monitoring

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Key Performance Indicators

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• Policy violation incidents
• Training completion rates
• Audit findings resolution
• Risk assessment results

Reporting Structure

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graph TB
    A[Daily Reports] --> B[Weekly Summaries]
    B --> C[Monthly Dashboards]
    C --> D[Quarterly Reviews]
    D --> E[Annual Assessments]
    
    style A fill:#e3f2fd
    style B fill:#f3e5f5
    style C fill:#e8f5e8
    style D fill:#fff3e0
    style E fill:#fce4ec

💎 Asset Classification Framework

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Critical Assets

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• Mission-essential systems
• High business impact
• Maximum protection required
• Immediate response priority

Important Assets

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• Significant business value
• Moderate impact if compromised
• Standard protection measures
• Planned response procedures

Standard Assets

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• Regular business operations
• Limited impact potential
• Basic protection sufficient
• Standard response timeframes

🔍 Asset Inventory Process

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Discovery Methods

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• Network scanning tools
• Agent-based collection
• Manual documentation
• Integration with CMDB

Asset Attributes

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• Technical: OS, versions, configs
• Business: Owner, criticality, location
• Security: Vulnerabilities, controls
• Lifecycle: Purchase, support, EOL

Maintenance Tasks

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• Regular inventory updates
• Automated discovery scans
• Change management integration
• Retirement procedures

🎯 What is Threat Modeling?

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Threat modeling is a systematic approach to identifying, analyzing, and mitigating security threats to applications, systems, or networks.

Core Objectives

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• Identify potential threats
• Understand attack vectors
• Prioritize security risks
• Design effective countermeasures

When to Apply

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• System design phase
• Architecture reviews
• Security assessments
• Incident investigations

📋 Threat Modeling Process

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Step 1: Define Scope

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• System boundaries
• Assets to protect
• Assumptions and constraints
• Success criteria

Step 2: Create Models

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• Data flow diagrams
• System architecture
• Trust boundaries
• Entry/exit points

Step 3: Identify Threats

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• STRIDE methodology
• Attack trees
• Threat libraries
• Expert brainstorming

🏷️ STRIDE Categories

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S - Spoofing

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• Definition: Pretending to be someone else
• Examples: Fake certificates, IP spoofing
• Countermeasures: Authentication, digital signatures

T - Tampering

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• Definition: Modifying data or code
• Examples: File modification, packet alteration
• Countermeasures: Integrity checks, digital signatures

R - Repudiation

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• Definition: Denying performed actions
• Examples: Claiming actions weren’t performed
• Countermeasures: Audit logs, digital signatures

I - Information Disclosure

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• Definition: Exposing protected information
• Examples: Data leaks, eavesdropping
• Countermeasures: Encryption, access controls

D - Denial of Service

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• Definition: Making systems unavailable
• Examples: DDoS attacks, resource exhaustion
• Countermeasures: Load balancing, rate limiting

E - Elevation of Privilege

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• Definition: Gaining unauthorized access levels
• Examples: Buffer overflows, privilege escalation
• Countermeasures: Input validation, least privilege

🌳 Attack Tree Concepts

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Attack trees are hierarchical diagrams showing how security attacks can be decomposed into sub-attacks.

Structure Components

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• Root node: Primary attack goal
• Sub-goals: Ways to achieve parent goal
• Leaf nodes: Basic attack steps
• AND/OR logic: Relationship types

Benefits

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• Visual representation of threats
• Systematic attack analysis
• Risk quantification support
• Communication tool for stakeholders

📊 Example: Web Application Attack

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graph TD
    A[Compromise Web App] --> B[Exploit Authentication]
    A --> C[Exploit Authorization]
    A --> D[Exploit Input Validation]
    
    B --> B1[Brute Force]
    B --> B2[Credential Theft]
    B --> B3[Session Hijacking]
    
    C --> C1[Privilege Escalation]
    C --> C2[Access Control Bypass]
    
    D --> D1[SQL Injection]
    D --> D2[XSS Attack]
    D --> D3[Buffer Overflow]

Analysis Questions

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• Which paths are most likely?
• What are the costs/skills required?
• Which countermeasures are most effective?

🔄 Lifecycle Phases

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1. Discovery

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• Vulnerability scanning
• Penetration testing
• Code reviews
• Threat intelligence

2. Assessment

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• Risk evaluation
• Impact analysis
• Exploitability assessment
• Business context

3. Prioritization

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• CVSS scoring
• Business criticality
• Threat likelihood
• Available exploits

4. Remediation

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• Patch deployment
• Configuration changes
• Compensating controls
• System isolation

5. Verification

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• Patch validation
• Re-scanning
• Penetration testing
• Control effectiveness

6. Monitoring

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• Continuous scanning
• Threat monitoring
• Metrics tracking
• Process improvement

📊 Quantitative Assessment

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Components

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• Asset Value (AV): Dollar value of asset
• Exposure Factor (EF): % of asset lost
• Single Loss Expectancy: AV × EF
• Annual Rate of Occurrence: Frequency
• Annual Loss Expectancy: SLE × ARO

Example Calculation

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Server Value: $50,000
Fire Risk Exposure: 60%
SLE = $50,000 × 0.60 = $30,000
Fire Frequency: 0.1/year
ALE = $30,000 × 0.1 = $3,000/year

🎯 Qualitative Assessment

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Risk Levels

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• Critical: Immediate action required
• High: Address within 30 days
• Medium: Address within 90 days
• Low: Address when resources allow

Risk Matrix

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Advantages

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• Easier to understand
• Faster to complete
• Less precise data required

🏛️ Governance Structure

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Board Level

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• Strategic oversight
• Risk appetite setting
• Resource allocation
• Performance monitoring

Executive Level

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• Policy development
• Program management
• Risk management
• Incident response

Operational Level

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• Daily operations
• Technical implementation
• Monitoring and reporting
• User support

📋 Key Governance Processes

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Risk Management

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• Risk identification
• Risk assessment
• Risk treatment
• Risk monitoring

Compliance Management

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• Regulatory mapping
• Control implementation
• Audit coordination
• Remediation tracking

Performance Management

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• KPI development
• Metrics collection
• Trend analysis
• Improvement planning

⚠️ Common Challenges

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Policy Development

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• Competing priorities
• Resource constraints
• Stakeholder alignment
• Technical complexity

Implementation

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• User resistance
• Technology limitations
• Process integration
• Change management

Maintenance

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• Regular updates
• Compliance monitoring
• Performance measurement
• Continuous improvement

✅ Success Factors

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Leadership Support

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• Executive sponsorship
• Clear communication
• Resource allocation
• Cultural change

Stakeholder Engagement

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• Early involvement
• Regular communication
• Feedback incorporation
• Training provision

Technology Integration

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• Automation opportunities
• Tool consolidation
• Process streamlining
• Monitoring capabilities

📊 Security Metrics Categories

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Leading Indicators

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• Training completion rates
• Vulnerability scan frequency
• Patch deployment time
• Security awareness levels

Lagging Indicators

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• Security incidents count
• Data breach impact
• Audit findings
• Compliance violations

Operational Metrics

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• Mean time to detection (MTTD)
• Mean time to response (MTTR)
• False positive rates
• System availability

🎯 Metric Development Process

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Step 1: Define Objectives

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• Business alignment
• Stakeholder needs
• Success criteria
• Baseline establishment

Step 2: Select Metrics

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• Relevance to objectives
• Data availability
• Collection feasibility
• Actionability

Step 3: Implement Collection

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• Automated data gathering
• Standardized reporting
• Quality assurance
• Regular reviews

🔜 Lecture 5: OSI Security Architecture - Part 1

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🎯 Focus Topics:

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• OSI model layers overview
• Security attacks at different layers
• Layer-specific vulnerabilities
• Attack classification methods

📝 Preparation:

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• Review OSI 7-layer model
• Research layer-specific security issues
• Think about network protocols you use daily

🎓 Key Takeaways Today

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Security Management Foundations

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• Policies provide governance framework
• Asset management enables protection prioritization
• Threat modeling identifies security gaps
• Vulnerability management reduces risk exposure

Practice Application

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• Develop comprehensive policies
• Implement systematic asset management
• Apply threat modeling techniques
• Establish vulnerability management processes