Advanced Python Programming (4321602) - Winter 2023 Solution

Solution guide for Advanced Python Programming (4321602) Winter 2023 exam

January 24, 2024

study-material solutions python 4321602 2023 winter

Question 1(a) [3 marks]

What is Dictionary? Explain with example.

Answer:

Dictionary એ Python માં key-value pairs નો collection છે જે mutable અને ordered હોય છે.

Table: Dictionary Properties

Property	Description
Mutable	Values ને change કરી શકાય છે
Ordered	Python 3.7+ માં insertion order maintain રહે છે
Indexed	Keys દ્વારા access કરાય છે
No Duplicates	Duplicate keys allow નથી

Python

Key-Value Structure: દરેક element માં key અને value હોય છે
Fast Access: O(1) time complexity માં data access
Dynamic Size: Runtime માં size વધારી-ઘટાડી શકાય છે

Mnemonic: "Dictionary = Key Value Treasure"

Question 1(b) [4 marks]

Explain Tuple Built-in functions and methods.

Answer:

Tuple માં limited built-in methods છે કારણ કે તે immutable છે.

Table: Tuple Methods

Method	Description	Example
count()	Element ની frequency return કરે છે	`t.count(5)`
index()	Element નું first index return કરે છે	`t.index('a')`
len()	Tuple નું length return કરે છે	`len(t)`
max()	Maximum value return કરે છે	`max(t)`
min()	Minimum value return કરે છે	`min(t)`

Python

Immutable Nature: Methods tuple ને modify નથી કરતા
Return Values: બધા methods નવી values return કરે છે
Type Conversion: tuple() function થી list ને tuple માં convert કરી શકાય

Mnemonic: "Count Index Length Max Min"

Question 1(c) [7 marks]

Write a python program to demonstrate set operations.

Answer:

Set operations mathematics ના set theory પર આધારિત છે.

Table: Set Operations

Operation	Symbol	Method	Description
Union	`\|`	`union()`	બન્ને sets ના elements
Intersection	`&`	`intersection()`	Common elements
Difference	`-`	`difference()`	First set માંથી second ને minus
Symmetric Difference	`^`	`symmetric_difference()`	Unique elements only

Python

Mathematical Operations: Set theory ના operations implement કરે છે
Efficient Processing: Duplicate elements automatically remove થાય છે
Boolean Results: Subset/superset operations boolean return કરે છે

Mnemonic: "Union Intersection Difference Symmetric"

Question 1(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a python program to demonstrate the dictionaries functions and operations.

Answer:

Dictionary operations data manipulation માટે powerful tools પ્રદાન કરે છે.

Table: Dictionary Methods

Method	Description	Example
keys()	બધી keys return કરે છે	`dict.keys()`
values()	બધા values return કરે છે	`dict.values()`
items()	Key-value pairs return કરે છે	`dict.items()`
get()	Safe value retrieval	`dict.get('key')`
update()	Dictionary merge કરે છે	`dict.update()`

Python

Dynamic Operations: Runtime માં keys અને values add/remove કરી શકાય
Safe Access: get() method KeyError prevent કરે છે
Iteration Support: keys(), values(), items() methods loop માટે useful

Mnemonic: "Get Keys Values Items Update Pop"

Question 2(a) [3 marks]

Distinguish between Tuple and List in Python.

Answer:

Table: Tuple vs List Comparison

Feature	Tuple	List
Mutability	Immutable (cannot change)	Mutable (can change)
Syntax	Parentheses `()`	Square brackets `[]`
Performance	Faster	Slower
Memory	Less memory	More memory
Methods	Limited (count, index)	Many methods available
Use Case	Fixed data	Dynamic data

Immutable Nature: Tuple એકવાર create થયા પછી change થઈ શકતું નથી
Performance: Tuple operations list કરતાં fast છે
Memory Efficient: Tuple ઓછી memory વાપરે છે

Mnemonic: "Tuple Tight, List Light"

Question 2(b) [4 marks]

What is the dir() function in python? Explain with example.

Answer:

dir() function એ built-in function છે જે object ના attributes અને methods ની list return કરે છે.

Table: dir() Function Features

Feature	Description
Object Inspection	Object ના attributes show કરે છે
Method Discovery	Available methods list કરે છે
Namespace Exploration	Current namespace ના variables show કરે છે
Module Analysis	Module ના contents explore કરે છે

Python

Interactive Development: Objects ના capabilities જાણવા માટે useful
Debugging Tool: Available methods quickly identify કરવા માટે
Learning Aid: New libraries explore કરવા માટે helpful

Mnemonic: "Dir = Directory of Methods"

Question 2(c) [7 marks]

Write a program to define a module to find the area and circumference of a circle. Import module to another program.

Answer:

Module approach code reusability અને organization improve કરે છે.

Diagram: Module Structure

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File 1: circle.py (Module)

Python

File 2: main.py (Main Program)

Python

Modular Design: Functions ને separate file માં organize કરે છે
Reusability: Module ને multiple programs માં use કરી શકાય
Namespace Management: Module prefix થી function access કરાય છે

Mnemonic: "Import Calculate Display"

Question 2(a OR) [3 marks]

Explain Nested Tuple with example.

Answer:

Nested Tuple એ tuple અંદર બીજા tuples હોય છે, જે hierarchical data structure બનાવે છે.

Table: Nested Tuple Features

Feature	Description
Multi-dimensional	2D અથવા 3D data structure
Immutable	બધા levels પર immutable
Indexing	Multiple square brackets વાપરીને access
Heterogeneous	Different data types store કરી શકાય

Python

Data Organization: Related data ને group કરવા માટે useful
Immutable Structure: એકવાર create થયા પછી structure change થઈ શકતું નથી
Efficient Access: Index-based fast access

Mnemonic: "Nested = Tuple Inside Tuple"

Question 2(b OR) [4 marks]

What is PIP? Write the syntax to install and uninstall python packages.

Answer:

PIP (Pip Installs Packages) એ Python package installer છે જે PyPI થી packages download અને install કરે છે.

Table: PIP Commands

Command	Syntax	Description
Install	`pip install package_name`	Package install કરે છે
Uninstall	`pip uninstall package_name`	Package remove કરે છે
List	`pip list`	Installed packages show કરે છે
Show	`pip show package_name`	Package info display કરે છે
Upgrade	`pip install --upgrade package_name`	Package update કરે છે

Python

Package Management: Third-party libraries easily manage કરી શકાય
Version Control: Specific versions install કરી શકાય
Dependency Resolution: Required dependencies automatically install થાય

Mnemonic: "PIP = Package Install Python"

Question 2(c OR) [7 marks]

Explain different ways of importing package. How are modules and packages connected to each other?

Answer:

Python માં imports ના વિવિધ ways છે જે code organization અને namespace management માટે important છે.

Diagram: Package Structure

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Table: Import Methods

Method	Syntax	Usage
Basic Import	`import module`	Full module name required
From Import	`from module import function`	Direct function access
Alias Import	`import module as alias`	Short name for module
Star Import	`from module import *`	Import all functions
Package Import	`from package import module`	Import from package

Python

Module-Package Connection:

Modules: Single .py files containing Python code
Packages: Directories containing multiple modules with __init__.py
Namespace: Packages create hierarchical namespace structure
init.py: Makes directory a package and controls imports

Mnemonic: "Import From As Star Package"

Question 3(a) [3 marks]

Describe Runtime Error and Syntax Error. Explain with example.

Answer:

Table: Error Types Comparison

Error Type	When Occurs	Detection	Example
Syntax Error	Code parsing time	Before execution	Missing colon, brackets
Runtime Error	During execution	While running	Division by zero, file not found
Logic Error	Always	After execution	Wrong calculation logic

Python

Syntax Errors: Code run થવા પહેલા જ detect થાય છે
Runtime Errors: Program execution દરમિયાન થાય છે
Prevention: Exception handling runtime errors ને handle કરે છે

Mnemonic: "Syntax Before, Runtime During"

Question 3(b) [4 marks]

What is Exception handling in Python? Explain with example.

Answer:

Exception handling એ mechanism છે જે runtime errors ને gracefully handle કરે છે અને program crash થવાથી prevent કરે છે.

Table: Exception Handling Keywords

Keyword	Purpose	Description
try	Exception માં થઈ શકે એવો code	Risk code block
except	Exception handle કરવા માટે	Error handling block
finally	હંમેશા execute થાય	Cleanup code
else	Exception ન આવે તો	Success code block
raise	Manual exception raise કરવા	Custom error throwing

Python

Error Prevention: Program crash થવાથી prevent કરે છે
Graceful Handling: User-friendly error messages provide કરે છે
Resource Management: finally block માં cleanup operations

Mnemonic: "Try Except Finally Else Raise"

Question 3(c) [7 marks]

Create a function for division of two numbers, if the value of any argument is non-integer then raise the error or if second argument is 0 then raise the error.

Answer:

Custom exception handling function બનાવવું validation અને error control માટે important છે.

Diagram: Function Flow

Python

Input Validation: Arguments ના type અને value check કરે છે
Custom Errors: Specific exceptions raise કરે છે
Error Messages: Clear અને descriptive error messages

Mnemonic: "Validate Type, Check Zero, Divide Safe"

Question 3(a OR) [3 marks]

Describe any five built-in exceptions in Python.

Answer:

Table: Built-in Exceptions

Exception	Cause	Example
ValueError	Invalid value for operation	`int("abc")`
TypeError	Wrong data type	`"hello" + 5`
IndexError	Index out of range	`list[10]` when list has 5 elements
KeyError	Dictionary key not found	`dict["nonexistent"]`
FileNotFoundError	File does not exist	`open("missing.txt")`

Python

Automatic Detection: Python automatically raises these exceptions
Specific Handling: દરેક exception નો specific purpose છે
Inheritance: બધા exceptions BaseException class થી inherit થાય છે

Mnemonic: "Value Type Index Key File"

Question 3(b OR) [4 marks]

Explain try, except and finally terms with syntax.

Answer:

Exception handling ના blocks નો specific purpose અને execution order છે.

Table: Exception Handling Blocks

Block	Purpose	Execution	Mandatory
try	Risky code	First	Yes
except	Error handling	If exception occurs	At least one
else	Success code	If no exception	No
finally	Cleanup code	Always	No

Syntax Structure:

Python

Practical Example:

Python

Exception Flow: try → except/else → finally
Multiple Handlers: Multiple except blocks allowed
Guaranteed Execution: finally block હંમેશા run થાય છે

Mnemonic: "Try Exception Else Finally"

Question 3(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a user defined exception that could be raised when the text entered by a user consists of less than 10 characters.

Answer:

User-defined exceptions custom validation logic implement કરવા માટે powerful tool છે.

Diagram: Custom Exception Flow

Python

Additional Features:

Python

Custom Logic: Application-specific validation rules implement કરી શકાય
Inheritance: Exception class ને inherit કરીને custom exceptions બનાવાય
Detailed Information: Exception object માં additional data store કરી શકાય

Mnemonic: "Custom Exception = Class Inherit Raise"

Question 4(a) [3 marks]

Write five points on difference between Text File and Binary File.

Answer:

Table: Text File vs Binary File

Feature	Text File	Binary File
Content	Human-readable characters	Binary data (0s and 1s)
Encoding	Character encoding (UTF-8, ASCII)	No character encoding
Opening Mode	'r', 'w', 'a'	'rb', 'wb', 'ab'
File Size	Generally larger	Generally smaller
Platform	Platform dependent	Platform independent

Python

Readability: Text files editor માં read કરી શકાય, binary files special software જોઈએ
Portability: Binary files different platforms પર easily transfer થાય
Processing: Text files string operations માટે, binary files exact data storage માટે

Mnemonic: "Text Human, Binary Machine"

Question 4(b) [4 marks]

Write a program to read the data from a file and separate the uppercase character and lowercase character into two separate files.

Answer:

File processing માં character-based operations common requirements છે.

Table: File Operations

Operation	Method	Purpose
Read	`read()`	Complete file content
Write	`write()`	Write string to file
Character Check	`isupper()`, `islower()`	Character case detection
File Handling	`with open()`	Safe file operations

Python

Character Processing: દરેક character ની case individually check કરાય છે
File Safety: with statement automatic file closing ensure કરે છે
Error Handling: File operations માં proper exception handling

Mnemonic: "Read Separate Write"

Question 4(c) [7 marks]

Describe dump() and load() method. Explain with example.

Answer:

dump() અને load() methods pickle module ના part છે જે object serialization માટે વાપરાય છે.

Table: Pickle Methods

Method	Purpose	File Mode	Description
dump()	Serialize object to file	'wb'	Object ને binary file માં store કરે
load()	Deserialize object from file	'rb'	File માંથી object retrieve કરે
dumps()	Serialize to bytes	N/A	Object ને bytes માં convert કરે
loads()	Deserialize from bytes	N/A	Bytes માંથી object બનાવે

Diagram: Serialization Process

Python

Benefits and Limitations:

Python

Object Persistence: Python objects ને file માં permanently store કરી શકાય
Complete State: Object ની complete state including methods preserve થાય છે
Binary Format: Efficient storage પણ human-readable નથી

Mnemonic: "Dump Store, Load Restore"

Question 4(a OR) [3 marks]

List different types of file modes provided by python for file operations and explain their uses.

Answer:

Table: Python File Modes

Mode	Type	Description	Pointer Position
'r'	Text Read	Read only, file must exist	Beginning
'w'	Text Write	Write only, creates/overwrites	Beginning
'a'	Text Append	Write only, creates if not exist	End
'x'	Text Create	Create new file, fails if exists	Beginning
'rb'	Binary Read	Read binary data	Beginning
'wb'	Binary Write	Write binary data	Beginning
'ab'	Binary Append	Append binary data	End
'r+'	Text Read/Write	Read and write, file must exist	Beginning
'w+'	Text Write/Read	Write and read, creates/overwrites	Beginning

Python

Safety: 'x' mode prevents accidental file overwriting
Efficiency: Binary modes faster for non-text data
Flexibility: Combined modes allow both read and write operations

Mnemonic: "Read Write Append Create Binary Plus"

Question 4(b OR) [4 marks]

Describe readline() and writeline() functions of the file.

Answer:

Note: Python માં writeline() function exist નથી. Correct function writelines() છે.

Table: Line-based File Functions

Function	Purpose	Return Type	Usage
readline()	Read single line	String	Sequential line reading
readlines()	Read all lines	List of strings	Complete file as list
writelines()	Write multiple lines	None	Write list of strings
write()	Write single string	Number of chars	Basic writing

Python

Sequential Access: readline() sequential manner માં lines read કરે છે
Memory Efficient: Large files માટે readline() memory-efficient છે
List Operations: writelines() list of strings ને efficiently write કરે છે

Mnemonic: "Read Line, Write Lines"

Question 4(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a python program to demonstrate seek() and tell() methods.

Answer:

seek() અને tell() methods file pointer manipulation માટે વાપરાય છે.

Table: File Pointer Methods

Method	Purpose	Parameters	Return Value
tell()	Current position	None	Integer (byte position)
seek()	Move pointer	offset, whence	New position
whence=0	From beginning	Default	Absolute position
whence=1	From current	Relative	Current + offset
whence=2	From end	End relative	End + offset

Diagram: File Pointer Movement

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Python

File Navigation: seek() arbitrary position પર move કરવા માટે વાપરાય છે
Position Tracking: tell() current position track કરવા માટે useful છે
File Editing: Specific locations પર data modify કરવા માટે જરૂરી

Mnemonic: "Tell Position, Seek Destination"

Question 5(a) [3 marks]

Draw Circle and rectangle shapes using Turtle and fill them with red color.

Answer:

Turtle graphics module માં shapes draw કરવા અને fill કરવા માટે specific methods છે.

Table: Turtle Shape Methods

Method	Purpose	Example
circle()	Draw circle	`turtle.circle(50)`
forward()	Move forward	`turtle.forward(100)`
right()	Turn right	`turtle.right(90)`
begin_fill()	Start filling	`turtle.begin_fill()`
end_fill()	End filling	`turtle.end_fill()`
fillcolor()	Set fill color	`turtle.fillcolor("red")`

Python

Fill Process: begin_fill() અને end_fill() વચ્ચે drawn shape automatically fill થાય છે
Color Setting: fillcolor() method fill color set કરે છે
Shape Drawing: Geometric shapes માટે specific turtle movements

Mnemonic: "Begin Fill Draw End"

Question 5(b) [4 marks]

Explain the various inbuilt methods to change the direction of the Turtle.

Answer:

Table: Turtle Direction Methods

Method	Parameters	Description	Example
right()	angle	Turn right by degrees	`turtle.right(90)`
left()	angle	Turn left by degrees	`turtle.left(45)`
setheading()	angle	Set absolute direction	`turtle.setheading(0)`
towards()	x, y	Point towards coordinates	`turtle.towards(100, 50)`
home()	none	Return to center, face east	`turtle.home()`

Python

Relative Turns: right() અને left() current direction થી relative turn
Absolute Direction: setheading() absolute compass direction set કરે
Smart Pointing: towards() specific coordinates તરફ point કરે

Mnemonic: "Right Left Set Towards Home"

Question 5(c) [7 marks]

Write a python program to draw a rainbow using Turtle.

Answer:

Rainbow drawing માં multiple colored arcs અને proper positioning જરૂરી છે.

Diagram: Rainbow Structure

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Python

Color Sequence: ROYGBIV (Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet) નો proper order
Radius Management: દરેક arc નો radius gradually decrease કરાય છે
Positioning: Proper positioning માટે penup/pendown અને goto methods

Mnemonic: "ROYGBIV Arc Radius Position"

Question 5(a OR) [3 marks]

Draw a diagram of turtle screen and explain all 4 quadrants of x and y coordinates.

Answer:

Diagram: Turtle Coordinate System

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Table: Coordinate Quadrants

Quadrant	X Value	Y Value	Description	Example
I	Positive (+)	Positive (+)	Top-right	(100, 50)
II	Negative (-)	Positive (+)	Top-left	(-100, 50)
III	Negative (-)	Negative (-)	Bottom-left	(-100, -50)
IV	Positive (+)	Negative (-)	Bottom-right	(100, -50)

Python

Origin: (0,0) screen ના center પર આવેલું છે
Positive Direction: X-axis right તરફ, Y-axis up તરફ positive
Navigation: goto(x, y) method specific coordinates પર move કરે છે

Mnemonic: "Right Up Positive, Left Down Negative"

Question 5(b OR) [4 marks]

Describe various turtle screen methods to change the background color, title, screensize and shapesize.

Answer:

Table: Turtle Screen Methods

Method	Purpose	Parameters	Example
bgcolor()	Set background color	color name/hex	`screen.bgcolor("blue")`
title()	Set window title	string	`screen.title("My Program")`
setup()	Set screen size	width, height	`screen.setup(800, 600)`
screensize()	Set canvas size	width, height	`screen.screensize(400, 300)`
shapesize()	Set turtle size	stretch_wid, stretch_len	`turtle.shapesize(2, 3)`

Python

Window vs Canvas: setup() window size, screensize() canvas size control કરે છે
Color Modes: bgcolor() color names અથવા hex values accept કરે છે
Shape Scaling: shapesize() turtle appearance ને scale કરે છે

Mnemonic: "Title Background Setup Size Shape"

Question 5(c OR) [7 marks]

Write a python program to draw a star, triangle and octagon using turtle.

Answer:

Geometric shapes drawing માં angles અને sides ની proper calculation જરૂરી છે.

Table: Shape Properties

Shape	Sides	External Angle	Internal Angle	Turn Angle
Triangle	3	120°	60°	120°
Star (5-point)	5	144°	36°	144°
Octagon	8	45°	135°	45°

Diagram: Shape Construction

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Python

Angle Calculation: દરેક shape માટે correct turn angles ની calculation જરૂરી
Fill Technique: begin_fill() અને end_fill() વચ્ચે shape automatically fill થાય
Mathematical Foundation: Geometry ના principles આધારે shapes construct થાય

Mnemonic: "Triangle 120, Star 144, Octagon 45"